God Almighty says in the Holy Quran: Corruption has appeared throughout the land and sea by [reason of] what the hands of people have earned so He may let them taste part of (the consequence of) what they have done that perhaps they will return (to righteousness). (Firman Allah Taala: Telah timbul berbagai kerosakan dan bala bencana di darat dan di laut dengan sebab apa yang telah dilakukan oleh tangan manusia; (timbulnya yang demikian) kerana Allah hendak merasakan mereka sebahagian dari balasan perbuatan-perbuatan buruk yang mereka telah lakukan, supaya mereka kembali (insaf dan bertaubat). (Quran 30:41)
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Bencana Kerosakan Oleh Tangan Manusia?
Letusan Gunung Dasar Laut Temui
Sebuah gunung berapi dasar laut telah meletus di luar pantai Oregon, memuntahkan mengeluarkan lapisan lava yang lebih daripada 12 kaki (4 meter) yang tebal di beberapa tempat, dan membuka ruang udara dalam bersendawa sebagainya rebus keruh air panas dan mikrob dari jauh ke dalambumi.
Klik foto untuk melihat lebih banyak imej.(British Antarctic Survey)
Penemuan itu datang sebagai satu kejutan, sebagai penyelidik cuba untuk mendapatkan semula instrumen mereka akan ketinggalan untuk memantau puncak tahun sebelum-nya. Apabila penyelidik hefted kenderaan robotik pelaut ke laut untuk mengambil instrumen, suapan dari kamera di atas kapal telah menghantar balik imej-imej alien seafloor landscape (landskap dasar laut yang asing).
"Pada mulanya kita benar-benar keliru, dan pemikiran kita berada di tempat yang salah," kata Bill Chadwick, seorang ahli geologi dengan Oregon State University. "
Akhir-nya kita menemukan kami berada di tempat yang betul tetapi dasar laut keselu-ruhan telah berubah, dan itulah mengapa kita tidak dapat mengenal apa-apa. Tiba-tiba ia menyerang kita bahawa, wow, telah letusan. Oleh itu, ia sangat menarik."
Di samping itu menghasilkan tasik mengeras blobby lava, di tempat yang lebih dari satu batu (1.6 km) merentasi, letusan mengubah reka bentuk mata air (dasar laut yang panas) seafloor hot springs di rantau ini.
"Terdapat lebih banyak ruang udara, ia suhu yang lebih tinggi, dan terdapat mikrob yang hidup di dalam mereka yang biasanya yang mendalam di dalam kerak deep in the crust yang datang sehingga permukaan dalam acara-acara ini," Chadwick kepada OurAmazingPlanet.
Letusan meramalkan
Volcano Axial naik 3,000 kaki (900 m) di atas dasar laut, yang paling aktif rentetan gunung berapi di sepanjang Juan de Fuca Ridge, sempadan plat di mana dasar laut per-lahan-lahan menarik selain.
Chadwick dan rakan-rakan sekerja telah menyimpan tab di puncak kerana ia terakhir meletus pada tahun 1998. Terima kasih kepada sistem pemantauan yang dibangunkan untuk mengukur pergerakan minit gunung, pasukan meramalkan gunung berapi dise-babkan oleh letusan lain kadang-kadang antara 2011 dan 2014.
"Jadi bagi saya, ia satu perkara yang sangat menarik bahawa ini bekerja!" Chadwick berkata.
Instrumen disimpan mengesan pergerakan dasar laut, yang sangat beransur-ansur men-gembung dan deflates seperti gergasi, belon magma berisi, Chadwick berkata, tiba-tiba runtuh selepas letusan, dan yang semakin meningkat, dalam kes ini, dengan kira-kira 6 inci (15 cm) setiap tahun mendahului sehingga letusan.
Gambaran jangka panjang
Ahli-ahli sains telah lama diketahui tentang kewujudan gunung berapi dasar laut, tetapi maklumat mengenai kelakuan mereka yang agak jarang. Letusan pertama kali dilihat pada tahun 1990-an, dan, walaupun teknologi telah bertambah baik, sampai ke puncak di bawah air untuk belajar mereka adalah sukar.
Data dari letusan baru-baru ini Seamount Axial akan menyediakan jangka panjang yang pertama gambar gunung berapi dasar laut daripada satu letusan yang akan datang.
[Infographic: Tallest Mountain to Deepest Ocean Trench] [Infographic: Gunung Tertinggi Jurang Ocean mendalam]
Chadwick berkata saintis masih lagi cuba untuk memikirkan bagaimana gunung berapi dasar laut berbeza daripada rakan-rakan daratan mereka.
Ia boleh ia lebih mudah untuk meramal letusan lautan, Chadwick berkata. Ia mungkin kerana kerak nipis di sana, dan magma dalam bekalan bersedia, inflations perlahan per-gunungan menyediakan analog baik untuk mengetahui bila letupan akan berlaku.
Bagaimanapun, beliau memberi amaran bahawa ramalan yang berjaya tunggal tidak mencukupi untuk meramal apa yang dibawa masa depan.
"Pada Paksi kami hanya dilihat sekali, jadi kami tidak tahu pasti ia akan boleh diperca-yai," kata Chadwick. "Oleh itu, kita pasti akan terus membuat pengukuran ini, dan diharapkan untuk melihat apa yang berlaku seterusnya."
- Video: New Vent Opens at Axial Underwater Volcano
- Video: Spectacular Collapse of Hawaiian Volcano Crater
- Image Gallery: Volcanoes from Space
Mustain Andrea adalah seorang penulis kakitangan untuk OurAmazingPlanet, laman saudara untuk LiveScience.
Mencapai atamustain@techmedianetwork.com beliau. Pada Twitter @AndreaMustain.
CcNEWS Site email: hamdenbolly@yahoo.co.uk
Surprise Underwater Volcanic Eruption Discovered
An undersea volcano has erupted off the coast of Oregon, spewing forth a layer of lava more than 12 feet (4 meters) thick in some places, and opening up deep vents that belch forth a cloudy stew of hot water and microbes from deep inside the Earth.
Scientists uncovered evidence of the early April eruption on a routine expedition in late July to theAxial Seamount, an underwater volcano that stands 250 miles (400 kilometers) off the Oregon coast.
Click photo to view more images. (British Antarctic Survey)
The discovery came as a surprise, as researchers attempted to recover instruments they'd left behind to monitor the peak a year earlier. When the researchers hefted a seafaring robotic vehicle overboard to fetch the instruments, the feed from the onboard camera sent back images of an alien seafloor landscape.
"At first we were really confused, and thought we were in the wrong place," said Bill Chadwick, a geologist with Oregon State University. "Finally we figured out we were in the right place but the whole seafloor had changed, and that's why we couldn't recognize anything. All of a sudden it hit us that, wow, there had been an eruption. So it was very exciting."
In addition to producing hardened lakes of blobby lava, in places more than a mile (1.6 km) across, the eruption changed the architecture of the region's seafloor hot springs.
"There are more vents, they're higher temperature, and there are microbes living in them that are usually deep in the crust that come up to the surface in these events," Chadwick told OurAmazingPlanet.
Eruption predicted
The Axial Volcano rises 3,000 feet (900 m) above the seafloor, the most active of a string of volcanoes along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, a plate boundary where the seafloor is slowly pulling apart.
Chadwick and colleagues have been keeping tabs on the peak since it last erupted in 1998. Thanks to a monitoring system they developed to measure the mountain's minute movements, the team predicted the volcano was due for another eruption sometime between 2011 and 2014.
"So for me, it's a very exciting thing that this worked!" Chadwick said.
The instruments kept track of the movement of the seafloor, which very gradually inflates and deflates like a giant, magma-filled balloon, Chadwick said, collapsing suddenly after an eruption, and rising, in this case, by about 6 inches (15 cm) per year in the lead up to an eruption.
First long-term picture
Scientists have long known about the existence of subsea volcanoes, but information on their behavior is relatively sparse. Eruptions were first observed in the 1990s, and, although technology has improved, getting to the underwater peaks to study them is difficult.
Data from the Axial Seamount's recent eruption will provide the first long-term picture of a subsea volcano from one eruption to the next. [Infographic: Tallest Mountain to Deepest Ocean Trench]
Chadwick said scientists are still trying to figure out how seafloor volcanoes differ from their terrestrial counterparts.
It could be it's easier to predict ocean eruptions, Chadwick said. It's possible that because the crust is thinner there, and magma is in ready supply, the mountains' slow inflations provide a good analogue for knowing when eruptions will occur. However, he cautioned that a single successful prediction wasn’t enough to forecast what the future holds.
"At Axial we've only seen this once, so we don't know for sure it's going to be reliable," Chadwick said. "So we'll certainly keep making these measurements, and hopefully be around to see what happens next."
- Video: New Vent Opens at Axial Underwater Volcano
- Video: Spectacular Collapse of Hawaiian Volcano Crater
- Image Gallery: Volcanoes from Space
Andrea Mustain is a staff writer for OurAmazingPlanet, a sister site to LiveScience. Reach her atamustain@techmedianetwork.com. Follow her on Twitter @AndreaMustain.
CcNEWS Site email: hamdenbolly@yahoo.co.uk
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